One ASEAN,
Living in Harmony
with Nature
ACB in Action
HANOI, Viet Nam — Following the successful implementation of the Small Grants Programme by the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity II...
HANOI, Viet Nam—Environment leaders and key stakeholders from across Southeast Asia convened in the 36th Meeting of the ASEAN Working...
Dr. Jerome L. Montemayor Executive Director, ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) This year marks a crucial midpoint. Four years have...
Manila, Philippines, 1 May 2026 – Three UK-funded ASEAN-UK Green Transition Fund (GTF) activities convened during ASEAN Climate Week 2026...
Participants of the Youth Leadership Training for Biodiversity and Wetland Conservation and Restoration with Nursery Establishment Training and Field Demonstration...
Wetland and peatland practitioners, mapping officers, and stakeholders from across the ASEAN Member States (AMS) engaged in capacity development in...
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety
of all life on Earth.
It ensures food security,
environmental health,
and sustainable development.
More than
650 million people
in the ASEAN region
depend on biodiversity
for their

food

clean water

clean air

livelihood
Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
The ASEAN Region

- Northeast: 130-kilometer coastline bordering the South China Sea consisting of high-profile sandy beaches with complex estuarine mangrove and mudflat zone
- West: Alluvial and swampy coastal plain backed by low hills with swamps
- East: Swampy coastal plain rising gradually to low hills to mountainous terrain inland
- Has a natural vegetation of tropical evergreen rainforest with 81% forest land area
- 15,000 vascular plant species
- 2,000 tree species
- 300 resident animal species
- 100 non-flying mammal species, mostly rodents
- 98 amphibian species
- 50 reptile species
- 400 coral species
- 144 marine fish species
- 50 freshwater fish species

Ecosystems
- 7,422 square kilometers of national parks
- 20,300 square kilometers of wildlife sanctuaries
- 97 square kilometers of protected landscapes
- 4,039 square kilometers of multiple-use areas
- 13,500 square kilometers of protected forests
- 235 square kilometers of fish sanctuaries
Flora
- 2,308 vascular plant species
- 8 seagrass speciess
Fauna
- 545 bird species
- 123 mammal species
- 88 reptile species
- 63 amphibian species
- 490 freshwater fish species
- 410 saltwater fish species
- Covers 1.3% of earth’s surface
- Has 17,000 islands comprised of a variety of habitats such as lowland rain forests, mangroves,
savanna grasslands, swamp forests, limestone hills, montane forests, alpine meadows, and snow-topped mountains - Has 21 National Biodiversity Conservation Areas including two corridors
- Has 44 Important Bird Areas
- Harbors 10% of all flowering plants
- 31,746 vascular plant species
- 8,000 to 11,000 flowering plant species
-
Home to:
- 12% of the world’s mammals with 515 mammal species and 35 primate species
- 16% of the world’s reptiles and amphibians including 781 reptile species and 270 amphibian species
- 17% of all birds with 1,595 bird species

Ecosystems
- 80% of the country is predominantly mountainous with cultivated floodplains
- 40% forest land area
Flora
- 40% of the total land area is covered by forests
Fauna
- 150 to 200 reptile and amphibian species
- 700 bird species
- 90 bat species
- 100 large animal species
- 500 fish species

Ecosystems
- Ranks 12 th in the world’s most megadiverse countries
- 143,000 square kilometers of permanent reserved forest
- 19,000 square kilometers of national parks, wildlife and bird sanctuaries
- 2,357 square kilometers of marine protected areas
- Terrestrial biodiversity is concentrated in tropical rainforests, coastal plains, mountain areas with inland waters like lakes and rivers
Flora
- 15,000 vascular plant species
Fauna
- 298 mammal species
- 742 bird species
- 242 amphibian species
- 567 reptile species
- 290+ freshwater fish species
- 500 marine fish species
- 1,031+ butterfly species
- 1,200 ant species

Ecosystems
- Endowed with striking andunusual forests, plains, rivers, and plateaus
Flora
- 11,800 vascular plant species of gymnosperms and angiosperms
- 841 medicinal plant species
- 96 bamboo species
- 37 species of rattan
Fauna
- 251 mammal species
- 1,056 bird species
- 272 reptile species
- 82 amphibian species
- 310 freshwater fish species
- 465 marine water species
- Composed of 7,107 islands covering a total area of 300,000 square kilometers
- One of the world’s 17 megadiverse countries with high rates of endemism
- Fifth in the world in number of plant species, maintains 5% of the world’s flora
- With at least 25 genera of endemic plant species
- 49% of its terrestrial wildlife is endemic
- Fourth in bird endemism in the world
- 3,214 fish species

Ecosystems
- A tropical island city-state consisting of one main island and about 60 smaller offshore islands
- Has 22 nature areas including four nature reserves
- With 47% green cover in 2007
- Close to 10% of total land area is allocated for parks and nature reserves
Flora
- 3,971 native vascular plant species
- 31 different true mangrove species
Fauna
- 52 mammal species
- 98 reptile species
- 28 amphibian species
- 364 bird species
- 295 butterfly species
- 200 sponge species
- 256 hard coral species
- 13,115 square kilometers ofland area
- Has tropical ecosystems with forest types ranging from rainforest, evergreen,
deciduous and mangrove, to shrub forests and savannah forests - Has freshwater ecosystems including rivers, reservoirs, swamps and ponds
where the endemic species are found - Has coastal ecosystems with more than 2,000-kilometer coastline surrounding
over 200 islands are comprised by coral reefs, sandy beaches, muddy beaches and seagrass beds
- 8% of total number of plant species in the world
- 15,000 plant species
- 12,000 vascular plant species
- 658 fern species
- 25 uncovered seeds
- 10,000 flowering plant species
- 1,140 orchid species
- 302 mammal species
- 982 bird species
- 350 reptile species
- 137 semi-water animal species
- 2,820 marine species
- 720 freshwater fish species
- 83,000 invertebrate animal species
- 14,000 insect species
- Rich in tropical rainforests, monsoon savannah, marine life,
and mountainous sub-alpine scrubland - Lowland coastal zone is bisected by rugged limestone mountains
separating wetter forest types of the east from the drier forests of the Mekong Basin in the west
- 13,200 floral species
- 20 different types of marine ecosystems
- 10,000 faunal species
- 3,000 aquatic creatures
- 11,000 forms of sea life such as crustaceans, mollusks, etc.